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POLIOMYELITIS – ‘POLIO’

Viral infection affecting the central nervous system; usually leads to paralysis; caused by the polio virus2

 

 

How it spreads2,4

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth

 

Signs and Symptoms2

  • Asymptomatic
  • Low grade fever
  • Sore throat
  • Stiffness of the neck, back and/or legs
  • Severe muscle aches

 

Complications2,4

  • Paralysis
  • Aseptic meningitis (infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)
  • Can lead to death
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VARICELLA - ‘CHICKENPOX’

Viral infection; highly contagious; caused by varicella-zoster virus5

 

 

How it spreads6,7

  • Touching
  • Breathing in the virus particles from chickenpox blisters
  • Tiny droplets from air

 

Signs and Symptoms9

  • Itchy, fluid-filled blisters all over body
  • Fever
  • Tiredness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache

 

Complications7

  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Bleeding problems
  • Infection of the blood12
  • Dehydration
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms: 10 – 21 days

PERTUSSIS - ‘WHOOPING COUGH’

Bacterial infection: highly contagious; caused by Bordetella pertussis13

 

 

How it spreads14

Only spread from person to person, through sneezing or coughing

Signs and Symptoms15

  • Slowed or stopped breathing (skin may turn blue)16,17
  • Coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop”
  • Vomiting after coughing18
  • Many rapid coughs19

Complications20

Babies and Children:11 Infection of the lungs, slowed or stopped breathing, violent and uncontrolled shaking, brain disease11,16

Teens and Adults:11Weight loss, loss of bladder control

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Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 5 – 10 days15

TUBERCULOSIS – ‘TB’

Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis21

 

How it spreads22

TB of the lungs: through the air (e.g. speaking or coughing). Can be infectious

Signs and Symptoms23

  • Cough
  • Reduced playfulness, weakness or lethargy, failure to thrive
  • Weight loss
  • Fever and/or night sweats

Complications23,24,25

Can spread through the whole body, which can lead to other organs being infected,but mostly the lungs (70% – 80%)

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DIPHTHERIA

Bacterial infection; caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; can cause a thick whitish covering at the back of the throat26

 

 

How it spreads26

Spreads via respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing

 

Signs and Symptoms28

  • Weakness
  • Sore throat
  • Fever
  • Swollen glands in the neck

 

Complications29

  • Blocking of the airway
  • Damage to the heart muscle
  • Nerve damage
  • Paralysis
  • Kidney failure
  • Can lead to death
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Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 2 – 5 days27

TETANUS – ‘LOCKJAW’

Bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and can cause painful muscle contractions30

 

 

How it spreads31

Bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and enter the body through cuts or puncture wounds

 

Signs and Symptoms30,32

  • Headache
  • Jaw cramping
  • Muscle spasms – often in the stomach
  • Muscle stiffness/pain
  • Trouble swallowing
  • Seizures (jerking or staring)
  • Fever and sweating
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Fast heart rate

 

Complications32

  • Uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords
  • Broken bones
  • Infection of the lungs
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Can lead to death
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Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 3 – 21 days31

ROTAVIRUS

Viral infection: contagious and can cause gastroenteritis33

 

 

How it spreads34-36

Children can spread it before and after they have diarrhoea

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth2,3

 

Signs and Symptoms36

  • Severe watery diarrhoea
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • loss of appetite
  • dehydration

Signs of dehydration: decrease in urine; dry mouth and throat; dizziness when standing up. A child may cry, with few or no tears, be unusually fussy or sleepy

 

Complications37

  • Severe diarrhoea
  • Dehydration
  • Kidney and liver abnormalities
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 2 days36

MUMPS

Viral infection of the salivary glands that is contagious38

 

 

How it spreads39

Infection spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose or throat.  Can spread through:

  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • sharing eating utensils or items with infected person

 

Signs and Symptoms40

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Tiredness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Swollen and tender salivary glands

 

Complications41

  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Inflammation of the ovaries and/or inflammation of the breast tissue
  • Deafness
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 12 – 25 days40

HEPATITIS A

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis A42

 

 

How it spreads43

The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth2,3 and/or through contaminated food or water33

Signs and Symptoms42,43

  • Fever
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • dark urine
  • clay-coloured stools
  • joint pain
  • jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)44

Complications43

In rare cases, can cause:

  • Liver failure
  • Death.
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8a pg 1 15 – 50 days43b 

HEPATITIS B

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus45

 

 

How it spreads45

  • Transmitted from person to person through body fluids
  • From infected mother to baby during birth
  • Through blood, blood products or contaminated materials

 

Signs and Symptoms45

  • Fever
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • dark urine
  • clay-coloured stools
  • joint pain
  • jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)44

 

Complications45

  • Permanent liver damage
  • Cancer of the liver
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 An average of 90 days45

RUBELLA – ‘GERMAN MEASLES’

Viral infection that is contagious46

 

 

How it spreads47

Coughing or sneezing

 

Signs and Symptoms48

  • Low grade fever
  • Headache
  • Mild pink eye
  • General discomfort
  • Swollen and enlarged lymph nodes
  • Cough
  • Runny nose

 

Complications49

  • Brain infections
  • Bleeding problems
  • Serious birth defects can occur if a woman is infected during the first trimester of
    pregnancy
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 12 – 23 days46

MEASLES

Viral infection: acute and can cause respiratory illness50

 

 

How it spreads50

Spreads by means of droplets or airborne (coughing, breathing or sneezing) from infected person. Remains infectious in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person leaves the area

 

Signs and Symptoms50

  • Fever
  • General feeling of being ill
  • Cough
  • Rash spreading from the head to abdomen, to lower extremities
  • Tiny white spots inside the mouth51

 

Complications40

  • Brain damage
  • Ear infections
  • Seizures (jerking or staring)
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • May lead to death
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 14 days50

INFLUENZA – ‘FLU’

Viral infection that is contagious; caused by influenza virus53

 

 

How it spreads53

  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Talking

 

Signs and Symptoms53

  • Feeling feverish/chills
  • cough
  • runny or stuffy nose
  • muscle or body aches
  • headache
  • tiredness

Common in children:

  • Vomiting
  • diarrhoea

 

Complications54

  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Inflammation of the heart
  • Inflammation of the brain
  • Ear infections
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 1 – 4 days53

MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

Bacterial infection: caused by Neisseria meningitidis 55

 

 

How it spreads55

Spread through exchanging saliva during close contact (kissing or coughing), or lengthy contact like living in the same space (family or roommates)

 

Signs and Symptoms57

  • Sudden onset of fever
  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • increased sensitivity to light
  • altered mental status (confusion)

Newborns and infants:
May appear to be slow or inactive; irritable; vomiting; feeding poorly

 

Complications58,59

  • Nervous system problems
  • Seizures
  • Brain damage
  • Learning disabilities
  • Amputation of limbs
  • Hearing loss
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Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 3 – 4 days56

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS - ‘HPV’

Viral infection caused by the Human papillomavirus60

 

 

How it spreads60

  • Sexual contact

 

Signs and Symptoms61

No specific symptoms of disease62

 

Complications60,61

  • Genital warts
  • Cervical cancer
  • Anal cancer
  • Penile cancer
  • Vaginal cancer
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Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 Variable61

HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B - ‘HIB’

Severe bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. The Infection is common in infants63

 

 

How it spreads63

Passed through the area between the nose and throat

Signs and Symptoms63

  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Swelling in the throat that can block airflow65
  • Swollen, sore joints66
  • Bacterial skin infection (red, painful swelling)67

Complications63

May lead to fatality despite antimicrobial administration

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Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 Variable63,64

PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE

Bacterial infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae 68

 

 

How it spreads69

Person to person through contact with bodily fluid/secretions (e.g. saliva and mucus)

Signs and Symptoms70

Infection of the lungs
Fast breathing; cough; chest pain; fever and chills

Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
Stiff neck; headache; confusion; pain when looking into bright light. In babies, it may cause poor eating or drinking; low alertness and vomiting

Infection of the middle ear
Ear pain; red; swollen ear drums; fever; sleepiness

Complications70

  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Sinus and ear infections
  • Infection of the lungs
  • Infection of the blood

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More Information
Download Printable PDF
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