Certain diseases, as well as overuse and injury, can cause joint swelling, pain and inflammation.
“Arthritis” means joint inflammation, but the term often refers to joint disorders broadly. There are many types of arthritis; the most common, especially among older people, is osteoarthritis. In this condition, the joint cartilage wears away, causing the bones to rub together and leading to pain, swelling and loss of motion.
There are treatments for arthritis, but proactive prevention is the best way to help avoid and alleviate these problems.¹

Tackle joint problems early
Joint pain may have a simple cause, such as incorrect form when exercising. Or it may indicate a more complex problem, such as early-onset osteoarthritis.
See your doctor if you have a joint injury, or experience any arthritis warning signs:

Regular exercise keeps the muscles around your joints strong and working well. People who already have arthritis also benefit from exercise, which helps increase mobility and reduce disability.¹
Exercise tips for healthy joints:

• If you haven’t exercised for a while, first consult your doctor or physical therapist.
• Aim for a balance of aerobic (cardiovascular) activity, flexibility exercises and muscle strengthening. Cross-training is one way to add variety to your routine, because you do different activities each time you work out.
• Warm up and stretch for about five minutes before and after aerobic or strength training. This raises blood flow to the muscles, increasing flexibility and range of motion, and reducing risk for strain and overloading.
• Active stretching exercises such as yoga, tai chi and Pilates help joints handle more intense exercise.
• Begin aerobic exercises at relatively low intensity. As you age, avoid high impact training such as step aerobics or running on hard surfaces.
• Choose exercises that don’t overload the joints, and strengthen your core muscles – this improves posture which also reduces joint stress. Low-impact activities e.g. cycling, walking and swimming burn calories without pounding your joints.
• Low-impact gym equipment includes the elliptical trainer, stair climber and stationary cycle.
• Weight training keeps your muscles strong and allows for good joint stability, but proper form is critical, as is starting with low loads and higher repetitions.^1,2,4

Keep joint health in mind during all daily activities, not only when you’re exercising:

Together with exercise, a balanced diet will help you maintain a healthy body weight. Reducing excess weight reduces stress on your joints: every extra kilogram gained puts four times the stress on your knees, but losing as little as 5kg can reduce risk of osteoarthritis of the knee by 50%.^1,5
Being underweight, too, may mean you may lack sufficient muscle to keep your joints strong and stable.
Get a doctor’s or dietitian’s help to find a suitable eating plan. Research suggests dietary approaches for reducing inflammation and keeping joints strong are whole-food and plant-based, and its important to avoid refined and processed foods. The Mediterranean diet is a well-studied option: high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and unsaturated fats; moderate amounts of fish; and modest levels of dairy, eggs and poultry. ^2,6
Certain foods and supplements may be particularly helpful in relieving joint problems:

• Omega-3 fatty acids in fatty fish (e.g. salmon, trout, sardines) and fish oil supplements have anti-inflammatory benefits. Plant sources include flax seeds, chia seeds and soybeans.
• Many cruciferous vegetables (e.g. broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, cabbage, and similar green leafy vegetables) contain sulphur, essential to bones, muscles, cartilage and connective tissue. The sulphur compound sulphoraphane has been found to block an enzyme that causes joint pain and inflammation.^2.6
• Ask your doctor or pharmacist about dietary supplements to get the nutrients needed for optimal joint health. For example, supplements containing Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) are thought to be effective against osteoarthritis and joint pain because of its high sulphur content⁷
  and its ability to combat inflammation and oxidative stress at the transcriptional and subcellular level.⁸
• Turmeric and ginger are noted for their anti-inflammatory properties.
• Drink water instead of sodas and energy drinks to deliver better hydration to your joints and heart. Water makes up about 80% of cartilage. ^2.6