Nausea and Vomiting during chemotherapy

When chemotherapy is the primary cause of nausea and vomiting, it is referred to as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting or CINV.¹ Chemotherapy regimens which are especially prone to cause nausea and vomiting will generally include specific strategies to help manage this side effect. These strategies may include taking anti-emetics (medications which specifically relieve nausea) before, during, and after the chemotherapy session.

It is important to note that whilst chemotherapy is a major cause of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients, there can be other causes such as pain medication and complications related to the underlying cancer itself.

This article provides an overview of CINV, offering valuable insights into its management and ways to improve overall well-being during chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy drugs are potent medications specifically designed to target actively dividing cancer cells. Unfortunately, these medications can also stimulate areas in the brain that can induce nausea and vomiting. The severity of CINV varies among individuals and depends on several factors, including the specific chemotherapy regimen, dosage, duration of treatment, patient’s age, underlying medical conditions, and predisposition to nausea and vomiting, previous chemotherapy-induced nausea, and underlying anxiety levels.³ Identifying these risk factors can help healthcare professionals develop personalized strategies for preventing and managing CINV.

Nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy can range from mild discomfort to severe, intractable bouts of vomiting. Should vomiting prevent the sufficient intake of fluid, this could lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Other accompanying symptoms may include loss of appetite, stomach discomfort, and a general feeling of unwellness. It is important to communicate any abnormal symptoms experienced during or after chemotherapy to the healthcare team promptly to ensure appropriate management and relief.

Numerous treatment options are available to effectively manage CINV and improve the quality of life during chemotherapy. Antiemetic medications, which are specific drugs used to treat nausea and vomiting, are commonly prescribed before, during, and after chemotherapy.⁴ These can include single agents or a combination of medications from different drug classes to help gain control of this distressing side effect. Most commonly, medications such as prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, and serotonin antagonists (e.g., ondansetron) are used. In complicated cases, additional medications from other classes that exhibit anti-emetic effects may be used to achieve control. If anxiety is a precipitating factor, a short course of benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam) may add value.

The choice of medication depends on the specific chemotherapy regimen and the patient’s overall health and underlying medical conditions. Additional supportive measures, such as psychotherapy and relaxation techniques, can be added to pharmacological interventions to provide relief. It could be useful to consult with a dietitian to guide patients to make informed and good choices of diet during chemotherapy sessions.

Prevention is crucial in managing CINV and minimizing its impact. Here are some lifestyle changes and self-care strategies that may help:

1. Stay hydrated: Sip fluids regularly and opt for cold or room temperature drinks, as they may be better tolerated.
2. Eat small, frequent meals: Consume light, easily digestible meals and snacks throughout the day, and avoid large, heavy meals.
3. Choose bland foods: Opt for bland, non-greasy foods like toast, crackers, rice, and boiled potatoes. Avoid spicy, fatty, or strong-smelling foods.
4. Identify triggers: Pay attention to specific odors, tastes, or activities that may trigger nausea and vomiting, and try to avoid or minimize exposure to them.
5. Rest and manage stress: Prioritize rest and engage in activities that promote relaxation and reduce stress, such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or gentle yoga.
6. Communicate with your healthcare team: Inform your healthcare team promptly about any changes in symptoms or if medications are not providing sufficient relief.

In conclusion, nausea and vomiting are common side effects of chemotherapy that can significantly impact a patient’s quality of life. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and risk factors associated with CINV, patients can work closely with their healthcare team to develop personalized treatment plans. Effective management of CINV involves a combination of medications, supportive care measures, and lifestyle changes. Open communication and proactive self-care strategies play a vital role in alleviating symptoms and improving overall well-being during chemotherapy.